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ExPsyINFO is the publication database of the University of Rhode Island Experimental Psychology program. ExPsyINFO is an abstract database of psychological literature from faculty members and students of the Experimental Psychology program. It is a rich source of interdisciplinary applications of psychological literature and a useful tool for literature searches. Choose a topic listing below and click to view its research abstracts.

Also, several of our faculty and graduate students publish through URI's Cancer Prevention Research Center (CPRC). Visit CPRC publications for more.

Evaluation

Topic	Evaluation & Health
Authors	Stevenson, J.F., Florin, P., Mills, D.S., & Andrade, M.
Title	Building evaluation capacity in human service organizations: A case study.
Source	Evaluation and Program Planning, 25(3), 233-243.
Abstract	Funding sources for prevention programs, including state and federal government agencies as well as philanthropic organizations like United Way, are demanding increased accountability for program outcomes. Local prevention service agencies typically do not have the capacity to deliver on these demands, and technical assistance for program evaluation is essential to improve the results. This report provides data on the modest success of a state-funded technical assistance system which was designed and delivered by the Community Research and Services Team at the University of Rhode Island. Barriers and lessons learned are also included.

Health

Topic	Substance Use and Abuse
Authors	George A. Kenna & Mark D. Wood
Title	In search of pharmaco-expectancy: Investigating.
Source	Presented at the 109th APA Convention, San Francisco, CA, August 24-28, 2001.
Abstract	This study investigated if the domain of expectancies extended to medications, and subsequently had three distinct goals; (1) to develop a psychometrically sound instrument that measures "pharmaco-expectancy" or beliefs of the anticipated effects of medication use; (2) to determine whether pharmaco-expectancies predict medication use over and above one's willingness or motivations to use medications; and (3) to investigate whether pharmaco-expectancy is a specific risk factor contributing to drug use by healthcare majors. It is hypothesized that healthcare (HC) students should hold stronger pharmaco-expectancy beliefs than non-healthcare (NHC) majors. Healthcare and NHC college students (N=401) completed a questionnaire assessing medication use, the Pharmaco-expectancy Scale (PES) and the Willingness to Use scale. Results. Using principal components analysis pharmaco-expectancy was found to yield four identifiable factors, Instrumental/Positive, Euphoric!, Side Effects and Protective Beliefs. The results of the present study; (1) support the reliability and discriminant validity for the PES. Validity testing found support for the existence of pharmaco-expectancy, as anticipated beliefs that vary across frequency of use; (2) found independent contributions of willingness to use and pharmaco-expectancy to drug use; and (3) in light of a lack of variation in beliefs and motivations across HC and NHC college students, the results suggest that the fruition of these beliefs in HC students possibly begin sometime after college upon exposure to professional and social factors. Conclusion. The results support the construct of pharmaco-expectancy. Theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed.

Topic	Substance Use and Abuse
Authors	George A. Kenna & Mark D. Wood
Title	Concurrent contributions of biopsychosocial influences predicting college student drug use.
Source	Presented at the 110th APA Convention, Chicago, Il., August 22-25, 2002.
Abstract	To better understand the association between biopsychosocial influences and college drug use, the present study had three distinct goals; (1) to assess predictors that delineate drug use from non-drug use in a sample of college students; (2) to examine whether these same predictors are salient for delineating experimental from frequent drug users; and (3) to consider if psychological influences, such as pharmaco-expectancies (anticipated beliefs that vary across medication taking experience), are associated with college drug use. College students (N=401) completed a questionnaire in the Spring of 2000 assessing drug and medication use, social, psychological and potential biological influences contributing to drug use. Results. (1) Factors found to delineate non-drug users from users were family history of alcohol problems, cigarette use, religiosity and social influence factors; (2) Predictors delineating experimental from frequent drug use were current! cigarette use, social influences (drug offers) and pharmaco-expectancies; (3) Support for two factors of pharmaco-expectancy as independent influences delineating frequent from infrequent drug use in this population was found. Conclusion. The results support the notion that predictors of drug use, such as cigarette use and certain social influences are important at particular levels of drug use and that pharmaco-expectancies may be important predictors delineating frequent from experimental drug use. Practical recommendations are presented.

Topic	Alcohol Use
Authors	Andrea L. Eastwood, (Paiva), Robert G. Laforge & Mark D. Wood
Title	Factors influencing change in college student high-risk drinking over one year.
Source	Presented at the 25th Meeting of the Research Society on Alcoholism; San Fran., CA: July 1, 2002.
Abstract	This study examines mediating and moderating factors that effect change in high risk drinking among freshmen and sophomore drinkers who were proactively recruited by telephone for a brief alcohol risk reduction intervention trial at a large public university. All students who reported drinking more than two drinks in a setting in the past year were eligible to participate. Subjects were representative of the university sample frame of enrolled freshmen and sophomores. The participation rate for the eligible drinkers was 78%. Analyses are reported on the sample of 1,064 students who completed a baseline survey in the fall 2000, a mid-year survey conducted January-February 2001(84% response rate), and an end-of-year survey conducted in April-May 2001(81% response rate). Rates of change in the frequency of high risk drinking (the gender specific 4 and 5 drink "binge" criteria) are described for potential moderating variables age, gender, ethnicity, residence!, and Greek status, and for potential mediating variables such as situational temptation, decisional balance, processes of change, risk perception, intention to change, and intervention group status. Because of data dependency in the outcome measure, the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method was used with longitudinal multiple regression to estimate the independent effects of the potential mediating and moderating variables on the change in frequency of binge drinking. A summary of the preliminary results are presented.

Topic	High-Risk Drinking
Authors	Andrea L. Eastwood (Paiva) & Robert G. Laforge
Title	Characteristics of High-Risk Drinkers in the General Population.
Source	Presented at the 109th APA Convention, San Francisco, CA., August 26, 2001.
Abstract	Information about drinking patterns and problems in the general population can provide a basis for understanding the population characteristics that can identify target groups at high risk who may benefit from targeted or tailored health promotion interventions. In recent years, epidemiologic studies of high risk drinking, often referred to as heavy episodic or "binge" drinking, have focused in large measure on the college student population. Although many have found that alcohol use peaks between the ages of 18 and 24 (e.g.Chen & Kandel, 1995), much less is known about high risk drinking patterns of older adults in the general population. This study presents prevalence rates by age group, gender and education level for several measures of high risk drinking as well as for an index of recent alcohol-related problems. Data is from a sample of 1,114 adults (ages 18 and older) who responded to a random digit dial survey conducted in New England last year. High-risk drinking was assessed with measures of drinks per drinking day (DDD), maximum # drinks in the past month (PEAK), and frequency of heavy episodic drinking (BINGE). Also measures of frequency of drinking and average drinks per week were assessed. A gender specific measure of heavy episodic drinking was used, and is defined as drinking 4 or more drinks in a row (for women) and drinking 5 or more drinks in a row (for men). Alcohol-related problems was assessed with the SIP-R; the Short Inventory of Problems (Miller & Tonigan, 1995), a 15 item scale designed to be sensitive to problems related to intoxication or high volume drinking. Tests of group differences were performed with MANOVA and ANCOVA. Covariance adjusted prevalence estimates are presented by subgroup. Seventy-nine percent (n=832) reported drinking alcohol in the past year, with 26 % of drinkers in the general population reporting heavy episodic drinking in the past month. Drinking patterns differed significantly by age, gender and education. Across all high risk drinking measures there was a significant and linear trend was found for age and level of education. Males experienced significantly greater rates of high-risk drinking and alcohol problems than females. In general, as has been seen elsewhere, younger males, and those with less education reported higher rates of high risk drinking and alcohol related problems. For example, 18- 24 year olds drink approximately 2 ½ more drinks per drinking day (M = 4.63) than do people aged 55 and older (M = 1.72). 18 - 24 year olds also reported the highest peak number of drinks in the past month (M = 6.33) and tend to drink at this high-risk level about 6 times more often than those 55 and older. Older adults are drinking as frequently as young adults, but consume much less per occasion (i.e. for those aged 18-24. DDD= 4.63, for those 35-44 DDD= 2.33, and age 55 + DDD=1.72.) Alcohol related problems in the past 3 months as measured by average SIP scores, decreased linearly with age, ranging from 4.0 among 18 to 25 year olds to .9 for those 55 and older. Of special interest is that approximately 1/6th of the 55 and over population (16%) and over 1/3rd (35%) of those between the ages of 25 and 54 report heavy episodic drinking in the past month. The results from this survey of a general population sample of adults indicates that while the prevalence of high risk drinking patterns is greater among younger drinkers, many adults of all ages frequently drink at levels that lead to increase risk for alcohol related problems associated with impairment. This data indicates that there are many adults that frequently engage in high risk drinking who might benefit from harm reduction programs to help reduce high-risk behaviors targeted in these groups. This is especially important because in our present our health care system, the vast majority of the drinkers would not be classified as "dependent", and would be unlikely to receive intervention to change their high-risk behaviors.

Topic	Tobacco and Other Drug Use
Authors	George A. Kenna
Title	Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Healthcare Professionals in the New Millennium
Source	Poster accepted to the 34th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Society of Addiction Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, CA., May 1-4th, 2003.
Abstract	Few if any studies have examined controlled drug use across major groups of caregivers. Moreover, substance use rates for dentists are almost non-existent. Therefore a major objective of this study was to simultaneously examine the prevalence rates of tobacco and unauthorized controlled substance use by healthcare professionals. With a response rate of almost 69%, a total of 480 physicians (MDs), nurses (RNs), pharmacists (RPhs) and dentists (DMDs) from a northeastern state responded to an anonymous survey during the summer of 2002. Preliminary descriptive analyses from the concluding data collection show lifetime use of marijuana (range 44.4% RPhs - 57.3% RNs) was the second most used drug after cigarettes across all groups. Minor opiates (range 9.7% RNs- 23.8% RPhs) and anxiolytics (range 5.7% RNs - 14.8% RPhs) were the most frequently used prescription drugs. Other than cigarettes and marijuana, few drugs were used monthly, though RNs and MDs reported using the greatest number of drugs. DMDs reportedly twice as much monthly marijuana use (6.7%) as the next closest group, RNs, who reported 3.4%. Past month cigarette use by RNs (12.7%) was four times that of MDs (3.2%) and twice that of RPhs (6.3%) and DMDs (5.8%). DMDs reported the highest lifetime prevalence of prescription drug use (51.3%) and RNs the least (37.1%). Daily use of any drug other than cigarettes was not reported with the exception of daily use of marijuana (.9%), stimulants (.9%) and sedatives (.9%) by RNs. Reasons for use by those without prescriptive authority included 19.8% of RPhs who reported supervising own minor opiate use and 7.3% of RNs originally prescribed minor opiates but now taking on own. In conclusion, compared to other healthcare professionals, non-prescribed opiate and anxiolytic use by RPhs is notable. Considering the health hazards, interventions reducing cigarette use by RNs should be considered. While DMDs reported the highest rate of lifetime prescription drug use, daily use rates would suggest they are no more at risk for abuse than other caregivers. Despite limitations, this initial data provides the first meaningful comparison of substance use behaviors across professionals.

Topic	Health & Evaluation
Authors	Stevenson, J.F. & Mitchell, R.E.
Title	Community-level collaboration for substance abuse prevention.
Source	Journal of Primary Prevention,23(3), 373-406.
Abstract	The use of community coalitions and other forms of community-wide intervention in efforts to improve community-wide health is a national priority. Research supporting the effectiveness of these interventions provides mixed evidence. This monograph reviews several models for community-wide substance abuse prevention and finds that policy change strategies have the best empirical support. Issues in research design and methods for supporting these interventions are also discussed.

Topic	Health & Evaluation
Authors	Mitchell, R.E., Florin, P., & Stevenson, J.F.
Title	Supporting community-based prevention and health promotion initiatives: Developing effective technical assistance systems.
Source	Health Education and Behavior, 29(5), 620-639.
Abstract	Several major issues in the use of technical assistance for community prevention and health promotion are addressed, and recommendations for improved effectiveness are provided.

Topic	Tobacco Prevention and Cessation
Authors	Milena D. Anatchkova, Colleen A. Redding, Joseph S. Rossi
Title	Smoking Prevalence and attitudes among Bulgarian adolescents.
Source	Presented at the 43rd NEPA meeting, in Salem, MA, November, 2003.
Abstract	Smoking rates and attitudes towards smoking and tobacco marketing were explored among 673 Bulgarian high-school students through a self-administered questionnaire. Results revealed alarmingly high prevalence of smoking (75%) and perception of strong presence of protobacco marketing influences. Smokers and nonsmokers were compared revealing the importance of social influences for smoking. Stages of change for cessation and prevention were calculated and discussed. These results underscore the urgent need for effective youth interventions.

Topic	Tobacco Prevention and Cessation
Authors	Milena D. Anatchkova, Wayne F. Velicer, James O. Prochaska
Title	Replication of Subtypes for Smoking Cessation Within the Contemplation Stage of Change.
Source	Presentation at the 2003 National Conference on Tobacco and Health, Boston, MA.
Abstract	Tailored interventions based on stage of change and other Transtheoretical Model constructs have been effective for promoting smoking cessation. Recent cluster analyses based on the Pros and Cons from the Decisional Balance and the Situational Temptations measures performed within the stages have suggested the existence of distinct cluster subtypes. Cluster subtypes would permit the development of tailored interventions focusing on these subtypes. This study attempts to replicate cluster subtypes within the Contemplation stage of change in a secondary analysis of data from a sample of current smokers (N=3967). Method: Four random samples of 400 were selected from the 1734 Contemplators. The cluster analyses were performed using the Pros, Cons and Situational Temptations. Interpretability of the pattern, pseudo F test, and dendograms were used to determine the number of clusters. Results: Four distinct cluster subtypes were found and replicated across samples (Classic Contemplators, Progressing, Early Contemplators, Disengaged). The clusters were externally validated using the ten processes of change and two smoking behavior variables (cigarettes per day and time before first morning cigarette). Statistically significant multivariate effects were found for the ten processes of change (p<.05) in all four samples. The cluster groups differed on 7 or more of the processes in each sample. Significant multivariate effects were also found for the smoking behavior variables in all samples (p<.001). Conclusions: The cluster patterns closely replicate earlier findings and provide evidence for the existence of clusters subtypes within the Contemplation stage of change.

Topic	Autism
Authors	Goodwin, M.S.
Title	Cardiovascular and electrodermal measures of autonomic nervous system functioning in autism: A review of findings.
Source	(2003) Submitted to Developmental Review. Manuscript #1121.
Abstract	A review of extant psychophysiological research using cardiovascular and electrodermal measures of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) suggests that individuals with autism respond differently than normal and other clinical populations, exhibiting ANS response patterns of under-arousal or over-arousal. The heterogeneous nature of autism and methodological problems associated with this research, however, has qualified the results. Careful control of methodological challenges is needed to replicate a variety of previous findings and for continuing studies of ANS functioning in autism. By calling attention to these areas for improvement in future studies, this review encourages investigators to revisit the possibility and benefits of conducting psychophysiological research in autism using cardiovascular and electrodermal measures.

Topic	Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Authors	Friend, K., Goodwin, M.S., & Lipsitt, L.P.
Title	Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and SIDS: A Review.
Source	(2003) Submitted to Developmental Review.Manuscript #1123.
Abstract	Recent research on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) suggests that maternal alcohol use may be an indirect cause of SIDS. There is limited research, however, focusing on the direct effects of parental alcohol use on SIDS. This paper reviews the literature on parental, particularly maternal, alcohol use and SIDS. Results show that intrauterine alcohol exposure is strongly associated with SIDS. There are, of course, some discrepant findings, in which some studies find a strong relationship and others do not, just as with other variables like breast-feeding and prematurity. Parental postnatal use appears to be linked as well. The implications of these findings are that alcohol ingestion as a risk factor in weakening infants' responses of a life-saving nature must be more rigorously studied in order to develop appropriate interventions.

Topic	Developmental Disorders
Authors	Groden, J., Goodwin, M.S., Lipsitt, L.P., Hofmann, S., Baron, G., Groden, G., Velicer, W, Plummer, B.
Title	Measuring heart rate responses to stress in autism: A feasibility study.
Source	(2003) Submitted to the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Manuscript #03-104.
Abstract	This report describes a physiological measurement (heart rate) protocol that facilitates clinicians’ and investigators’ exploration of the role of stress in autism. Using a single-case multi-element design, heart rate responses to four stressors were measured in ten individuals (age 13-37 yr.) with autism and other developmental disabilities. Findings include both a tolerable and replicable protocol for assessing heart rate responses to stressor and individual variations in heart rate responses to environmental stressors. Implications of this research and future directions for assessment are discussed.

Topic	Autism
Authors	Woodard, C., Shanower, C., Bianco, J., Groden, J., Goodwin, M.S.
Title	The treatment of the behavioral sequelae of autism with dextromethorphan: A case report.
>Source>	Submitted to the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Manuscript #03-110.
Abstract	Children diagnosed with Autism and Anxiety Disorders often present with a variety of behavioral challenges. The child discussed in this report displayed anxious perseveration on various topics of concern to him, aggressive tantrum behavior, a lack of concern for or interest in others, and a collection of intrusive and non-compliant behaviors. He was treated with Delsym for symptoms related to a tracheal infection, the active ingredient of which is Dextromethorphan. Dextromethorphan is an antitussive preparation that is the d isomer of levophenol, a codeine analogue and opioid analgesic. Significant, albeit serendipitous anecdotal and measured behavioral improvements were noted when the child was placed on this medication. While Dextromethorphan is not commonly administered for the treatment of behavioral challenges in this or any population, the reduction of tracked behaviors and anxiety-related symptoms suggests the need for further scientific inquiry.

Topic	Autism
Authors	Goodwin, M.S., & Considine, S
Title	Stereotypical behavior patterns and heart rate in persons with autism.
Source	Poster presented at 37th Annual Conference of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA (2003).
Abstract	Individuals with autism often display stereotypical behavior patterns. Researchers have offered three kinds of interpretations to explain the function of those stereotypical patterns: operant conditioning, homeostasis, and neurobiological dysfunction. However, there has been relatively little empirical research in this area. The present poster presents exploratory research by analyzing videotapes and heart rate (HR) records obtained from a previous experimental study in a laboratory setting. Data from four individuals with autism who displayed stereotypical behavior were used in this analysis. Behavior codes were developed for categorizing, recording, and systematically identifying patterns of stereotypical behavior. These behaviors were then correlated with HR records to discover any relationships between HR before, during, or after engagement in stereotypy. Results indicate that 3 of the 4 participants’ HR did not substantially change before, during, or after engagement in stereotypy, ruling out a homeostatic hypothesis. One participant’s HR increased substantially during and after engagement in stereotypy. These results provide descriptive data to support various interpretations or functions of stereotypical behavior for persons with autism. Implications for such concomitant HR and behavioral assessment in a functional behavior analysis are discussed.

Topic	Autism
Authors	Groden, J., Goodwin, M.S., Baron, G., Diller, A., Groden, G., Velicer, W., Lipsitt, L.P., Hofmann, S.
Title	Stress & Autism: Assessment and intervention.
Source	Poster presented at 37th Annual Conference of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston, MA (2003).
Abstract	Stress is a problem, often overlooked but nonetheless important, in individuals with autism (Gillot, Furniss, & Walter, 2001; Kim, Szatmari, Bryson, Streiner, & Wilson, 2000; Stavrakaki, 1999; Muris, Steerneman, Merckelbach, Holdrinet, & Meesters, 1998). While commonly observed characteristics of persons with autism suggest special vulnerability to stressors (Groden, Cautela, Prince, & Berryman, 1994), there is a dearth of literature examining the role of stress in the lives of such individuals. To further the objective assessment of responses of persons with autism to domain-specific stressors, and the implementation of effective stress reduction interventions, we propose to devise a treatment package amenable to objective evaluation. This would combine the use of relaxation and imagery-based picture rehearsal procedures to reduce responses to stressors in persons with autism. This proposed investigation will (1) assess responses to stressors in persons diagnosed with autism through recording of heart rate (HR) to situational stimuli deemed stressful, and (2) implement and evaluate a relaxation/imagery-based picture rehearsal treatment program to reduce excessive responding of individuals with autism to identified stressors. The hypothesis is that relaxation and imagery-based picture rehearsal will reduce responses to domain-specific stressors in persons with autism.

Topic	Suicide
Authors	Lipsitt, L.P., Buka, S.L., Satz, P., Martin, L.T., Goodwin, M.S.
Title	Perinatal and cognitive precursors of suicidality.
Source	Poster presented at the 3rd Biennial Meeting of the Society for the Study of Human Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (2003).
Abstract	Suicide is among the first three leading causes of death in young people. The difficulty in predicting suicidal intent begs for a better understanding of the origins of attempts. We provide data here from two lines of research that may throw light on developmental contributors to suicide attempts, which by best estimates involve about 15% of the population by about 40 years of age. Of special interest here, it has been reported by Peck (1985), that 50% of suicides under age 15 have been diagnosed with learning disabilities. The data presented here support the likelihood of an adverse developmental progression from birth risk to cognitive impairment to thoughts of suicide.

Topic	Autism
Authors	Höppner, B. B., Goodwin, M. S. & Velicer, W. F.
Title	Pooled time series analysis: An applied example.
Source	Paper presented at the 1st Psychology, Keystone, CO. Annual Graduate Student Pre-conference of the Society for Multivariate Experimental (20023).
Abstract	Time series analysis (TSA) is a powerful method for assessing differences in responses over time. Its greatest limitation arises is in generalizability, as TSA is restricted to one unit of analysis. Typically, analyzing data from multiple units and then comparing the results ad-hoc addresses this limitation. Unfortunately, this practice lacks the sensitivity of a precise statistical test. The alternative is to utilize a pooled TSA, where two units are stacked to create one dataset. The design matrix is then specified to estimate overall effects as well as person-to-person differences. Currently, there is no applied example of a pooled TSA within psychology, despite the theoretical advantages associated with the procedure. This paper offers an applied example of pooled TSA using heart rate (HR) data gathered from children with autism while exposed to laboratory stressors.

Topic	Developmental Disabilites
Authors	Goodwin, M.S.
Title	Behavior Analysis in an Applied Setting for the Care and Treatment of Children with Developmental Disabilities.
Source	Symposium given at the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Toronto, Canada (2002).
Abstract	The Groden Center's three-year research effort to measure heart rate in persons with ASD builds on a long-time interest in understanding the nature and role of stress in the lives of these individuals. The current study aims at identifying and validating the presence of stress (a possible cause of - and response to - many of the behavioral characteristics of persons with ASD) by systematically observing heart rate in a sample of children, adolescents, and adults with ASD. Concurrent data on heart rate and observable behavior shows individualized patterns of responding to environmental stressors. Such data, especially when coordinated with survey report data from the individual’s real-life environment, can have great utility for the researcher-clinician that is working toward understanding and treating persons with ASD. Specifically, one can use this protocol to determine the kinds of stressors that are present in the lives of these individuals, as well as indicate the degree to which one becomes aroused or disorganized in response to these stressors. Such data may ultimately help us to a) better describe an individual with ASD, b) assist in validating our treatment approaches, c) help us predict how an individual will respond to treatment, and d) help us understand more fully the heterogeneity in ASD by identifying different subtypes of responders.

Methods

Topic	Power Analysis
Authors	George A. Kenna & Joseph S. Rossi
Title	Statistical Power in the Journal "Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology".
Source	Presented at the 73rd EPA Convention in Boston , MA., March 8, 2002.
Abstract	The issue of statistical power is largely ignored by many psychology journals including those specializing in lab based research. Objectives: (1) Estimate power in Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology" (ECP) and (2) estimate power using the average power by study and congregate average of power given each statistical test. Method: Power was calculated for 619 statistical tests in 48 articles from the journal "Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology" (ECP) in the issues from February 1999 through November 2000, inclusive. Results: Power to detect small, medium, large and "extra" large effects was determined for the two year period, and yielded power to detect effect sizes of .12, .36, .59 and .72 respectively. Conclusion: The studies examined in ECP appear to have inadequate power to detect all but the most robust "extra" large, effect size.

Multicultural

Topic	Multicultural
Authors	Milena D. Anatchkova, Joseph S. Rossi, & Colleen A. Redding
Title	The Transtheoretical Model: Bridging Cultural Boundaries.
Source	Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Salt Lake City, March, 2003.
Abstract	The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) has become one of the most influential behavior change models. The ability of the TTM to perform well in different cultural environments constitutes one test of the validity of the model. A comprehensive search of the literature on TTM research conducted outside of the US retrieved 51 studies published between 1990 and 2002, representing 14 countries on 4 continents and carried out in 11 different languages. The review revealed that the studies varied greatly in type, the constructs included as representing TTM, and in the behaviors studied. Most studies (32) used cross-sectional designs and psychometric analyses to examine the applicability of TTM constructs to new populations. Twelve publications reported using TTM based interventions, but typically did not provide many details on their content. The studies varied greatly in the methodological rigor of design and level of adaptation efforts. The most widely used construct was the stages of change, to which sometimes the model has been incorrectly equated. The processes of change were used least frequently with only 6 studies reporting them. The most popular behavior studied was smoking, followed by diet, exercise and alcohol. New areas of application (e.g. active commuting) were also suggested. These results provide preliminary evidence that the TTM can be applicable across cultural boundaries and can serve as a useful framework for the development of cross-cultural interventions. At the same time, more research is needed to adapt and apply the model within new cultures and languages. Such efforts would enhance public health research and intervention development across international boundaries.

Topic	LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgendered), Multicultural
Authors	Lisa Bowleg, Kelly Brooks, Jennifer Huang, Amy Black & Gary Burkholder
Title	Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians.
Source	(2003). Journal of Lesbian Studies, 7(4), 87-108.
Abstract	This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilience among interviewees at a retreat for Black lesbians. Participants were a predominantly middle-class, highly educated sample of Black women (N = 19) between the ages of 26 and 68. The multicultural model of stress (Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991) and the transactional model of resilience (Kumpfer, 1999) were theoretical frameworks for the study. Most of the participants discussed racism as a mundane and significant stressor, and contextualized their experiences of sexism and heterosexism through the prism of racism. Study findings provide empirical support for the “triple jeopardy” experience of Black lesbians (Greene, 1995), as well as the six predictors of resilience in Kumpfer’s (1999) transactional model of resilience.

Topic	Multicultural, HIV/AIDS Prevention, Health
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Love, Sex, and Masculinity in Sociocultural Context: HIV Concerns and Condom Use Among African American Men in Heterosexual Relationships
Source	(2004). Men & Masculinities, 7(1),1-21
Abstract	African American men in heterosexual relationships are virtually invisible in the theoretical and empirical psychological HIV/AIDS literature. I posit that two theoretical frameworks -- masculinity ideologies (MI) and sociocultural context -- are important for comprehending Black men’s condom use. Qualitative methods, though relatively rare in U.S. psychology, are critical to understanding the context of lived experience, particularly with under-researched populations and topics. This study involved semi-structured interviews with lower-middle income African American men (N = 13) between the ages of 24 and 50 in emotionally and sexually intimate heterosexual relationships. Data were analyzed via three techniques derived from Grounded Theory Analysis. Analyses revealed that most (n = 9) articulated traditional MI (e.g., sexual permissiveness) that have implications for HIV risk, but 11 also expressed unconventional MI (e.g., being as or more emotionally invested than their female partners) that also have implications for reducing risk in Black heterosexual relationships.

Topic	Multicultural, Health
Authors	Lisa Bowleg, Kenya J. Lucas, Jeanne M. Tschann
Title	“The Ball Was Always In His Court”: An Exploratory Analysis of Relationship Scripts, Sexual Scripts, and Condom Use Among African American Women.
Source	(2004). Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(1), 70-82
Abstract	This qualitative study explored the association between African American women’s interpersonal relationship and sexual scripts and condom use with primary partners. Participants were 14 lower to middle-income women between the ages of 22 and 39 involved in emotionally and sexually intimate heterosexual relationships. Relationship types included those that were: stable, emotionally committed; casual, primarily sexual; and unstable, emotionally imbalanced and/or conflict-ridden. Respondents completed a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire about their relationships, sexual, and condom use behaviors. Data analyses identified three interpersonal relationship scripts (i.e., men control relationships, women sustain relationships, infidelity is normative) and two interpersonal sexual scripts (i.e., men control sexual activity; women want to use condoms, but men control condom use) that may indirectly or directly decrease African American women’s condom use with primary partners, and in turn increase their HIV risk. We discuss these interpersonal scripts within the context of sociocultural factors relevant to African American women, heterosexual relationships and communities.

Topic	:HIV/AIDS Prevention, Multicultural, Health
Authors	Lisa Bowleg, Faye Z. Belgrave & Carole Reisen
Title	Gender roles, relationship power strategies & precautionary sexual self-efficacy: Implications for women’s condom/latex barrier use [Special issue: Gender, power, and women’s relationships: Implications for HIV].
Source	(2000). Sex Roles, 42(7/8), 613-635.
Abstract	This study tested a conceptual model of women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors using gender roles, relationship power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy as predictors in a predominantly Black and Latina community sample of heterosexual women (N = 125). Results revealed no support for the full model, but partial confirmation for several components of the model. For example, gender roles and use of direct power strategies were significant predictors of women’s sexual self-efficacy. Most of the participants were married or had primary partners and were unconcerned about contracting HIV. The findings indicate that if women perceive that they are at little or no risk, their gender roles, power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy will be inconsequential to their HIV/AIDS risk reduction practices.

Topic	Multicultural, Social
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Varying angles and wider lenses: A multicultural transformation of the undergraduate social psychology course.
Source	(2003). In P. Bronstein & K. Quina (Eds.), Teaching gender and multicultural awareness: Resources for the psychology classroom (pp. 59-72). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Abstract	Kitano's (1997) model of multicultural course change has proven invaluable to the transformation of my undergraduate social psychology course from one that merely "adds and stirs" multicultural issues or populations (i.e., a course that is "inclusive"), to one that uses multiculturalism as a foundation to challenge social psychology's traditional assumptions about individuals and social behavior. Moreover, I use multiculturalism as means to reconceptualize social psychology in light of the new knowledge that we gain when we use wider lenses and varying angles to view the cultural context of humans and their social behaviors. Using Kitano's model as a conceptual framework, I will present in this chapter strategies and examples for making the undergraduate social psychology course multicultural, not only in terms of content, but in terms of learning approaches, assessment procedures, and classroom dynamics.

Topic	Condom Use, Masculinity, Health
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Condom use
Source	(2004). In M. Kimmel & A. Aronson (Eds.) Men and masculinities: A social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia (pp. 171-172) . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Press.
Abstract	Male latex condoms when used correctly and consistently, are highly effective at preventing the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2001; Davis & Weller, 1999). Yet, condom use remains a politically contentious public health issue. This essay discusses the politics of condom use, condom use as gendered behavior, and focuses on the implications of social inequality (poverty, racism and heterosexism) on male condom use.

Topic	Masculinity, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Men of color
Source	(2004). In M. Kimmel & A. Aronson (eds.) Men and masculinities: A social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia (pp. 520-523). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Press.
Abstract	Men of color is a euphemism for men who are “not of exclusively White ancestry” (Holder, 1995, p. 71). This essay focuses on the social construction of race and ethnicity and argues that euphemisms such as men of color and people of color, far from being politically neutral, are rooted in historical racist ideologies of difference. The essay also discusses the problems with terms such as race; examines a variety of social, economic, and political disparities that men of color experience; explores the vast within group heterogeneity of men included under the men of color rubric; and focuses on the role of racial prejudice and discrimination as a unifying force for men of color.

Topic	Gender, Masculinity, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Risk behaviors
Source	(2004). In M. Kimmel & A. Aronson (eds.) Men and masculinities: A social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia (pp. 675-677). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Press.
Abstract	Risk behaviors are voluntary behaviors that increase one’s chance for injury, illness, or death. Although people typically accept some forms of risk and to varying degrees, risk behaviors are distinguishable from behaviors that yield unwanted consequences in the sense that risk behaviors represent behaviors that are regular or established rather than exploratory (Duberstein, Lindberg, Boggess, Porter, & Williams 2000). Men, particularly adolescent and young adult men, are disproportionately more likely than girls and women to engage in risk behaviors. This essays reviews risk statistics for adolescent boys and men, reviews the gender role socialization approach to masculinity and risk taking, and contextualizes risk taking through the prism of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Authors	Shanee Stepakoff & Lisa Bowleg
Title	Sexual identity in sociocultural context: Clinicalimplications of multiple marginalization.
Source	(1998). In R.A. Javier & W.G. Herron (Eds.). Mental health, mental illness and personality development in a diverse society: A source book (pp. 618-653). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Abstract	The aim of this chapter is to enhance awareness about psychosocial issues that emerge among culturally diverse lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals as they engage in the process of claiming a sexual minority identity. In particular, we consider the variety of sociocultural variables that shape the manner in which these individuals negotiate important domains of experience. Although mental health professionals who treat sexual and ethnic minorities may have separately considered each dimension of identity, in this chapter we focused on the ways in which multiple identities interact and exert combined effects. We hope that the chapter will serve as an introduction to some key issues worthy of exploration in the therapeutic process and to the variety of culture-specific means that gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity may carry.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg, Melynda L. Craig, & Gary Burkholder
Title	Rising and Surviving: A Conceptual Model of Psychosocial Competence Among Black Lesbians
Source	Manuscript under review at Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, December 2003.
Abstract	This study tested a conceptual model of psychosocial competence among a predominantly middle class sample (N = 95) of Black lesbians between the ages of 18 and 68. Defining psychosocial competence as individuals’ ability to interact and function effectively with their environments, Anderson, Eaddy and Williams (1990) theorized a model of psychosocial competence specific to African Americans. Pursuant to this model, we examined whether an interaction of factors internal (i.e., self esteem) and external (i.e., social support; availability of lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender (LGBT) resources; and lesbian and Black group identification) predicted psychosocial competence. Results from hierarchical regression analyses confirmed that an interaction of these internal and external factors was a significant predictor of psychosocial competence in this sample.

Topic	HIV/AIDS, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Oppression embodied: Women, ethnicity, class and the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Source	Invited plenary to be presented at the 29th. Annual Convention of the Association for Women in Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, February 2004.
Abstract	The HIV/AIDS epidemic has wreaked a disparate impact on women of color who are poor and live in certain urban centers. The statistics are grim indeed. Black and Latino women account for 58% and 20% respectively of AIDS cases among women, even though they each constitute just 13% of the U.S. female population. Historically, psychological theories applied to HIV risk have focused on individual-level predictors with little or no consideration of the impact of sociocultural context and social inequality on risk behaviors. The disproportionate incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS among poor women of color however, sounds a clarion call for psychologists to transcend our individualistic focus towards one that incorporates the influence of exogenous factors such as oppression on women’s mental and physical health.

Topic	Multicultural
Authors	Lisa Bowleg
Title	“I Thought This Course Was About Psychology, Not Race”: Race, Gender, Sexual Orientation, My Course and I
Source	Presented at the 28th. Annual Convention of the Association for Women in Psychology, Jersey City, NJ. March 2003.
Abstract	The goals of this presentation were to: (1) highlight challenges and strategies for infusing race and culture into traditional psychology courses; (2) provide strategies for addressing psychological barriers to the multicultural message and messenger; (3) focus on the personal struggles of teaching multicultural courses; and (4) provide some survival strategies for professors who teach multicultural courses in psychology.

Topic	HIV/AIDS Prevention, Multicultural, Gender
Authors	Lisa Bowleg
Title	“That’s what the man’s supposed to do”: Relationship, sexual scripts, and the sociocultural context of condom use and HIV risk among African American women.
Source	Presented at the 28th. Annual Convention of the Association for Women in Psychology, Jersey City, NJ. March 2003.
Abstract	This qualitative study explored the association between African American women’s interpersonal relationship and sexual scripts and condom use with primary partners. Participants were 14 lower to middle-income women between the ages of 22 and 39 involved in emotionally and sexually intimate heterosexual relationships. Relationship types included those that were: stable, emotionally committed; casual, primarily sexual; and unstable, emotionally imbalanced and/or conflict-ridden. Respondents completed a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire about their relationships, sexual, and condom use behaviors. Data analyses identified three interpersonal relationship scripts (i.e., men control relationships, women sustain relationships, infidelity is normative) and two interpersonal sexual scripts (i.e., men control sexual activity; women want to use condoms, but men control condom use) that may indirectly or directly decrease African American women’s condom use with primary partners, and in turn increase their HIV risk. We discuss these interpersonal scripts within the context of sociocultural factors relevant to African American women, heterosexual relationships and communities.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Authors	Lisa Bowleg & Melynda L. Craig
Title	Contextualizing coming out through the prism of race, sex, and gender: African American lesbians and the psychosocial benefits and costs of coming out.
Source	Presented at the 28th. Annual Convention of the Association for Women in Psychology, Jersey City, NJ. March 2003.
Abstract	Concerned that many researchers’ and LGB activists’ calls to come out are rooted in stances of White and middle and upper class power and privilege, we designed this mixed method (i.e., qualitative and quantitative) study to examine the meaning and experiences of coming out among a sample of African American lesbians attending an African American lesbian retreat in Southern California. Four research questions guided our analyses: (1) What does it mean to be out?; (2) How important is it to be out?; (3) To whom are African American lesbians out?; and (4) What is the relationship between degree of outness and self-esteem, psychosocial competence, and social support? The study included questionnaires completed by 95 lesbians and semi-structured interviews with a subsample of 19 women. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 68 (M = 38.03, SD = 9.33) with an annual income range of less than $5,000 to more than $100,000; 67% had college or graduate degrees. We present the findings from this study and discuss them within the context of whether coming out, as Connie Chan (2002) has provocatively questioned, is or should be the goal for LGBs of color given the myriad challenges they confront as a result of their membership in multiple historically oppressed communities. We also discuss, using our findings as support, alternative and culturally relevant visions of what it means to be Black, lesbian, out and in good mental health.

Topic	Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Deciphering the multicultural revolution in psychology: What psychologists need to know about multicultural issues in theory, research, and practice.
Source	Invited presentation at the Postdoctoral Clinical Psychology Training Consortium Seminar Series, Brown University, Providence, RI. December 2002.
Abstract	This presentation highlighted the institutionalization of multicultural perspectives in psychology with a focus on two documents: (1) American Psychological Association (APA) Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice & Organizational Change for Psychologists (August 2002); and (2) provisions for multicultural issues in APA’s 2002 Ethics Code. The presentation also highlighted several important, albeit difficult dialogues in which psychologists interested in multicultural theory, research, and practice should engage.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Researching the mirror: Personal perspectives on conducting research with Black lesbian and bisexual women.
Source	Invited presentation at the Sexual Minority Women of Color: A Summit for Building Community Research, The 5th Annual Lesbian and Bisexual Women’s Health Research Forum, Fenway Community Health, Boston, MA. October 2002.
Abstract	This presentation integrated a personal and professional focus on my research with Black lesbians. The presentation reviewed findings from two studies conducted with Black lesbians on issues relevant to multiple minority, stress and resilience. The presentation also provided suggestions for others interested in conducting research with lesbian and bisexual women of color.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Triple jeopardy and beyond: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black lesbians.
Source	Presented at the National Lesbian Health Conference 2002, Washington, DC. September 2002
Abstract	This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilience among interviewees at a retreat for Black lesbians. Participants were a predominantly middle-class, highly educated sample of Black women (N = 19) between the ages of 26 and 68. The multicultural model of stress (Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991) and the transactional model of resilience (Kumpfer, 1999) were theoretical frameworks for the study. Most of the participants discussed racism as a mundane and significant stressor, and contextualized their experiences of sexism and heterosexism through the prism of racism. Study findings provide empirical support for the “triple jeopardy” experience of Black lesbians (Greene, 1995), as well as the six predictors of resilience in Kumpfer’s (1999) transactional model of resilience.

Topic	Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg, Beverly Greene & Nina Nabors
Title	Professor and subject as “Other”: Invalidating race, gender, and sexual orientation in the message and messenger.
Source	Presented at the 1st. Annual “ Diversity Challenge For 2001: How To Survive Teaching Courses On Race & Culture” Conference, The Institute for the Study and Promotion of Race and Culture, Boston, MA. October 2001.
Abstract	Teaching courses on race and culture is not for the faint-hearted. Yet, we who teach these courses and share membership in the historically marginalized groups about which we teach, often feel like we are embarking on suicide missions. In addition to attacking our message about the importance of bringing issues such as race, gender, and sexual orientation to the forefront of academic inquiry; students often feel empowered, by virtue of their race or and other privilege to attack the messenger’s authority, competence, and stake in teaching about race and culture as well. Using our experiences as instructors and members of multiply marginalized groups as a foundation, our presentation will highlight: (1) the infusion of race, gender and sexual orientation into psychology courses; (2) the challenges that multiply marginalized instructors confront doing so; and (3) survival strategies for attacks on the message and messenger.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Trials & Tribulations: Multiple marginalized stress & resilience among Black/African American lesbians.
Source	Presented at the National Lesbian Health Conference 2001: Challenges of the New Millennium, San Francisco, CA. June 2001.
Abstract	Although the psychological literature is replete with studies on social identity, few studies have focused on the multidimensionality of identity among people with multiple marginalized identities. For example, studies exist of minority status stress among predominantly White samples of gay, lesbian or bisexuals or among racial minorities, but not people who are members of multiply marginalized groups. Moreover, minority status studies often focus predominantly on the “deficits” of this status (e.g., stressors, prejudice and discrimination) to the exclusion of the positive aspects (e.g., resilience) of this status. The presentation: (1) highlights the experiences of Black/African American lesbians who simultaneously face sexism, heterosexism, racism and classism; (2) focuses on multiply marginalized stress, as well as the strategies (e.g., coping strategies, social support, etc.) that Black lesbians use to foster resilience; (3) is based on findings from a quantitative (n= 95)/qualitative study (n=19) with a sample of Black/African American lesbians. Participants in the qualitative sample, the focus of this presentation, ranged in age from 26 to 68 (M=44); and (4) focuses on the study’s findings relevant to multiple minority stress and resilience, and discuss implications for African American lesbians’ physical and mental health.

Topic	LGBT; Multicultural
Authors	Lisa Bowleg, Kelly Brooks, Jennifer Huang
Title	Beyond unidimensionality: Black/African American lesbian and bisexual women’s experiences.
Source	Presented at the 26th. Annual Convention of the Association for Women in Psychology, Los Angeles, CA. March 2001.
Abstract	This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilience among interviewees at a retreat for Black lesbians. Participants were a predominantly middle-class, highly educated sample of Black women (N = 19) between the ages of 26 and 68. The multicultural model of stress (Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991) and the transactional model of resilience (Kumpfer, 1999) were theoretical frameworks for the study. Most of the participants discussed racism as a mundane and significant stressor, and contextualized their experiences of sexism and heterosexism through the prism of racism. Study findings provide empirical support for the “triple jeopardy” experience of Black lesbians (Greene, 1995), as well as the six predictors of resilience in Kumpfer’s (1999) transactional model of resilience.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Authors	Lisa Bowleg, Kelly Brooks, Jennifer Huang
Title	Beyond unidimensionality: Multiple minority stress and resilience among Black/African American lesbians.
Source	Presented at the 108th. Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association Convention, Washington, DC. August 2000.
Abstract	This qualitative study explored the experiences of multiple minority stress and resilience among interviewees at a retreat for Black lesbians. Participants were a predominantly middle-class, highly educated sample of Black women (N = 19) between the ages of 26 and 68. The multicultural model of stress (Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, & Gowda, 1991) and the transactional model of resilience (Kumpfer, 1999) were theoretical frameworks for the study. Most of the participants discussed racism as a mundane and significant stressor, and contextualized their experiences of sexism and heterosexism through the prism of racism. Study findings provide empirical support for the “triple jeopardy” experience of Black lesbians (Greene, 1995), as well as the six predictors of resilience in Kumpfer’s (1999) transactional model of resilience.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Beyond triple jeopardy: Social support & psychological resilience in the lives of Black lesbian & bisexual women.
Source	Presented at the 107th. Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association Convention, Boston, MA. August 1999.
Abstract	To be African American, women, and lesbian [or bisexual], Greene (1993) has asserted, is to be in a state of “triple jeopardy.” While the psychosocial challenges of membership in a multiply marginalized group cannot be understated, few studies have explored the possibility that women who simultaneously face sexism, racism and heterosexism develop psychological resiliency in response to their multiply marginalized status. Although several African American lesbian feminists have documented the experiences of African American lesbians and bisexual women, psychology as a discipline has virtually ignored the psychosocial experiences of Black women who partner with women. This presentation will focus on a quantitative and qualitative study of social support, psychological resiliency and self-esteem among a sample of African American lesbian and bisexual women in Los Angeles, California. The presentation will highlight the study’s findings relevant to: (1) the relationship between psychosocial competence and African American lesbian and bisexual women’s access to social support; (2) the people to whom African bisexual women and lesbians are out; (3) the relationship between “outness” and social support; (4) participants’ perceptions about the predominantly European American gay, lesbian and bisexual community, and their own ethnic communities in terms of social support; and (5) the relationship between social support and self-esteem. Finally, I will discuss some of the methodological issues and challenges involved in conducting research with hidden and underrepresented populations and provide suggestions for future research with Black lesbian and bisexual women.

Topic	Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Past horizons, present visions, future dreams: Envisioning a multicultural Department of Psychology at the University of Rhode Island.
Source	Presented at the 70th. Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychology Association, Providence, RI. April 1999.
Abstract	This presentation presents a vision of what a truly multicultural department of psychology would look like. This vision includes a list of 15 items that combines interpersonal, professional, structural endeavors. These include, but are not limited to: a commitment to multiculturalism that is explicitly stated in its departmental mission statement and disseminated in all important materials; having a positive vision of multiculturalism; and creating an atmosphere of safety and trust for all staff, faculty and students.

Topic	LGBT, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Neither tragically Black, woman, lesbian or bisexual: Psychological resilience in the lives of Black lesbian & bisexual women.
Source	Presented at the 24th. Annual Convention of the Association for Women in Psychology, Providence, RI. March 1999.
Abstract	Pursuant to Harlem Renaissance writer Zora Neale Hurston’s notion that she, as a Black person, was “not tragically colored,” this presentation reviews the literature on triple jeopardy for Black lesbian and bisexual women and reconceptualizes this focus towards a positive psychology vision of psychosocial competence and resilience. Presents preliminary findings from a qualitative study with 19 Black lesbians between the ages of between the ages of 26 and 68.

Topic	HIV/AIDS, Health, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Intersections of gender, race, and class: Women’s access to HIV/AIDS-related care and services.
Source	Presented at the 106th. Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. August 1998.
Abstract	Presents the findings of a quantitative study with a sample of predominantly Black low-income women living with HIV/AIDS (N = 85) in Washington, DC. The goal of the study was to investigate whether combination antiretroviral drugs and protease inhibitors were as accessible to low-income women as claimed in numerous media reports at the time. The study confirmed that despite federal guidelines recommending the use of combination therapies, most of the 85 women reported taking single antiretroviral drugs. They also reported numerous barriers to HIV/AIDS medications such as physicians who were perceived as racist and reluctant to prescribe combination medications. The presentation discusses the study’s finding that the majority of participants lacked access to the expensive medications within the context of larger structural and institutional inequalities based on ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status in the U.S.

Topic	HIV/AIDS, Health, Multicultural, Gender
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Gender roles, relationship power strategies and precautionary sexual self-efficacy: Implications for women’s condom/latex barrier use.
Source	Presented at the 106th. Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. August 1998.
Abstract	This study tested a conceptual model of women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors using gender roles, relationship power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy as predictors in a predominantly Black and Latina community sample of heterosexual women (N = 125). Results revealed no support for the full model, but partial confirmation for several components of the model. For example, gender roles and use of direct power strategies were significant predictors of women’s sexual self-efficacy. Most of the participants were married or had primary partners and were unconcerned about contracting HIV. The findings indicate that if women perceive that they are at little or no risk, their gender roles, power strategies, and precautionary sexual self-efficacy will be inconsequential to their HIV/AIDS risk reduction practices.

Topic	LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgendered), Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg, Melynda Craig & Gary Burkholder
Title	Rising and surviving: A conceptual model of active coping among Black lesbians.
Source	2004) Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 229-240.
Abstract	This study tested a conceptual model of active coping among a predominantly middle class sample (N = 92) of Black lesbians between the ages of 18 and 68 attending a Black lesbian retreat. Tyler’s (1978) active coping dimension of psychosocial competence, and Anderson, Eaddy and Williams’ (1990) psychosocial competence model for Black Americans emphasizing the role of individual and environmental factors, provided the theoretical framework for our study. We developed a theoretical model to examine whether internal (i.e., self esteem, race and lesbian identification) and external (i.e., social support, perceived available LGBT resources) factors predicted active coping. Results from a hierarchical set regression analysis confirmed that the model of internal and external factors was a statistically significant predictor of active coping.

Topic	Gender, Masculinity, Multicultural, Health
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Sexual risk behaviors
Source	(2004). In M. Kimmel & A. Aronson (Eds.) Men and masculinities: A social, cultural, and historical encyclopedia (pp. 678-680). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio Press.
Abstract	In the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, risk behaviors denote behaviors that can transmit the HIV virus. For men in the U.S., unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) and injection drug use (IDU) are the primary risk behaviors through which HIV is spread. Another sexual behavior, unprotected heterosexual sex, poses a more minimal risk for men (5%) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001). The virus is also transmitted to men via other means (i.e., transfusion of blood or other bodily fluids, treatment for hemophilia or coagulation disorders, or occupational exposure). Unlike these other exposure categories however, risk behaviors refer to individual actions that may increase HIV risk. This essay explores the social context of sexual risk for men of color, discusses men who have sex with men and explores sexual risk behaviors such as “barebacking.

Topic	HIV/AIDS, Gender, Multicultural
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	Flipping the script: Relationship and sexual scripts, and condom use among Black women.
Source	Presented at the 112th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.
Abstract	Scripts are culturally shared social norms that guide relationship and sexual behavior (Simon & Gagnon, 1986). This presentation will focus on the findings of qualitative study that explored the association between African American women’s interpersonal relationship and sexual scripts and condom use with primary partners. Participants were 14 lower to middle-income women between the ages of 22 and 39 in Washington, DC involved in emotionally and sexually intimate heterosexual relationships. Relationship types included those that were: stable, emotionally committed; casual, primarily sexual; and unstable, emotionally imbalanced and/or conflict-ridden. Respondents completed a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire about their relationships, sexual, and condom use behaviors. The study investigated three research questions: (1) What scripts do African American women interviewees articulate?; (2) What sociocultural and contextual factors may be relevant to these scripts?; and (3) How might these scripts be associated with condom use? Interview data were analyzed via three techniques derived from grounded theory: coding, memo writing, and the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Analyses identified three interpersonal relationship scripts (i.e., men control relationships, women sustain relationships, infidelity is normative) and two interpersonal sexual scripts (i.e., men control sexual activity; women want to use condoms, but men control condom use) that may indirectly or directly decrease African American women’s condom use with primary partners, and in turn increase their HIV risk. Consistent with other calls to bring sociocultural context and social inequality to the forefront of theories of HIV risk, the study demonstrates that African American women’s condom use and HIV risk cannot be isolated from the sociocultural contexts in which they live. As such, the study “flips the script” on traditional psychological approaches to HIV risk behavior by demonstrating the importance of context – both intimate relationships and poverty and discrimination – for understanding condom use in communities of color.

Topic	Multicultural, Gender
Author	Lisa Bowleg
Title	My Black women mentorship blues: If only I knew; so glad I knew.
Source	Presented at the 112th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, HI.
Abstract	In 1998, a year after earning my Ph.D. in social psychology, I accepted a tenure-track position as an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Rhode Island. Now, five years later in the midst of tenure review, I find myself uniquely positioned to reflect on the role of mentorship on my early career advancement, as well as my survival as a Black woman in the predominantly White academy. Two themes emerge from these reflections: “If only I had had a mentor to tell me…” and “I’m so glad my mentors told me…” Using my personal and professional experiences as a foundation, my presentation will focus on the importance of two kinds of mentoring -- instrumental and psychosocial support – on the early career advancement of Black women faculty. The presentation will: (1) review the theoretical and empirical literature on mentorship issues for women faculty in general and Black women faculty in particular; (2) discuss the importance of senior mentors for instrumental support with regard to vital advancement strategies such as: (a) applications for funds for professional development and research (e.g., NIH K-Awards); (b) publishing (e.g., preparing and submitting manuscripts for publication); (c) nominations for career awards and admission to professional societies; (3) highlight the role of mentors’ provision of psychosocial support with regard to issues such as racism, sexism, and heterosexism in the classroom, particularly when these issues threaten to adversely influence student teaching evaluations; (4) share some important information I have learned from my mentors with regard to aspects of university life such as serving on academic committees, documenting student-teacher conflicts, and educating colleagues about the challenges that Black women faculty members frequently encounter in the academy; and (5) discuss strategies for finding mentors, particularly when none are available in one’s department or campus.

Neuropsychology

Under construction

Topic	Social
Authors	Milena D. Anatchkova, Joseph S. Rossi
Title	Subliminal priming: myth or reality? A meta-analysis.
Source	Presentation at the 2002 SPSSI convention in Toronto, CA.
Abstract	Meta-analysis was used to explore the conflicting findings in literature regarding the existence of the subliminal priming effect. A total of 17 articles with 28 individual studies were included in the analysis. Eleven studies reported non-significant or marginally significant findings. The final results indicated a robust subliminal priming effect of medium size (d = 0.67, p < .001). The distribution of effect sizes was heterogeneous, suggesting the presence of moderating factors such as length of prime, type of measure and priming method. Implications for further research are discussed.

College of Arts and Sciences > Department of Psychology