Symptoms:

Leaf spots on turfgrass leaf blades begin as small red to purplish ovals that later develop tan centers of dead tissue with darker borders ("eye spots.") The fungi that cause leaf spots directly penetrate leaf sheaths and blades at random or enter via mowing wounds which commonly leads to a tip blight. When turfgrass is succulent from recent nitrogen fertilization and there is abundant moisture on the leaf blades, numerous leaf spot infections per blade can occur. The leaf spots may then coalesce and cause extensive blighting. The fungus may even invade the crowns and roots, leaving the plants weakened and rotted. This severe stage is called "melting-out." Large areas of dead or badly weakened turfgrass may result.

Some fungal species are significant pathogens only during prolonged wet weather. They invade leaf blades primarily through mowing wounds causing mostly tip blights as opposed to the aggressive leaf spot fungi that invade leaf blades randomly and potentially lead to melting-out.

Leaf spot on turfgrass blade	Melting-out

Season:

Leaf spot fungi may be active at a variety of temperatures. All are associated with frequent moisture on the leaf blades and high relative humidity.
• Spring: Leaf spots caused by the fungi Drechslera poae and Drechslera siccans are almost always present in lawns. Repeated infection and expansion of leaf spots to blights may lead to "melting out," which is extremely common in Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass in early summer. Extensively infected plants may die, especially when stressed in hot summer weather.
• Summer: Another species of fungus, Bipolaris sorokiniana, attacks nearly all turfgrass species and is most aggressive at high (over 85 degrees F) temperatures and relative humidity. It may lead to crown and root rots.
• Fall: The same fungi that are active in spring may cause leaf spots again in fall during rainy weather. Usually disease is not as severe as in spring, but heavy spore production in fall will increase disease potential for the following spring.

Disease Cycle:

The fungi that cause leaf spots and melting-out have simple life cycles. Spores exposed to moisture on leaf blades for a few hours germinate and infect the turfgrass plants. The fungus penetrates the leaf tissue, killing cells and absorbing nutrients. Further spores are produced on diseased tissue only a few days after the initial infection. Spore production is prolific on mowing clippings.

In addition to the species listed above, several other fungi from these two genera cause various leaf spots and blights which occur on other common lawn turfgrass species. Their life cycles are essentially identical to those already described. Several fungi from the genera Ascochyta, Leptosphaerulina and Septoria cause predominantly tip and leaf blights in prolonged wet weather. They can usually be identified by the presence of small black dots (fruiting bodies filled with spores) in dead leaf tissue. They infect the leaf blades, giving the lawn a ragged appearance, but are not known to invade the crowns and roots.

Leaf spot and tip blight fungi are present in every established lawn. They only cause serious damage during extreme weather conditions involving frequent wetness or when improper lawn care practices aggravate the disease problem. The actual identification of the fungus that is causing a leaf spot is usually not necessary because the cultural and chemical controls described below are effective against all species.

Cultural Management:

Keep in mind that mowing increases infection by leaf spot fungi in the following ways:

a) wounds are made that allow easy penetration by the fungi, especially when the leaf blades are shredded by dull mower blades
b) new spores are produced in abundance on returned mowing clippings when leaf spots are present
c) mowers and feet spread spores.

If only scattered leaf spots are observed, no significant harm should come to the lawn. Severe damage is the result of repeated infection of stressed plants. These practices should limit disease to an acceptable level:

1) Avoid excessive early spring nitrogen applications with water soluble fertilizers. The resulting lush growth is very susceptible to infection by leaf spot fungi.

2) Water infrequently and deeply. Keep leaf blades dry as long as possible. Never water in the late afternoon or early evening. Prune landscape plants to allow good air circulation to promote drying of the turfgrass. Avoid frequent light sprinklings.

3) Mow high to avoid plant stress. Mow frequently and only cut 1/3 of the blade at a time. Collect clippings when numerous leaf spots are observed to reduce spore production. Do not mow when grass is wet.

4) Avoid broadleaf, phenoxy herbicides and growth regulators during leaf spot epidemics.

5) In damaged areas, reseed with cultivars resistant to leaf spot and melting-out. Always plant a blend of resistant cultivars or, preferably, a mixture of resistant cultivars of different turfgrass species. The genetic variation of such a mixture reduces the chance of major damage in the future.

Chemical Management:

Fungicides should not be applied routinely for leaf spot fungi. If cultural management has not prevented severe infection or if prolonged wet weather occurs, several contact fungicides are available. These fungicides are most effective when they coat the entire surface of the leaf blades. Applications must be repeated every 5-10 days depending on rainfall and mowing frequency. In damaged areas, re-seeding with resistant cultivars is a better long term solution to leaf spot problems. Turfgrass suffering from severe "melting-out" and crown and root rot will not be improved by fungicide applications.

Adapted from the UMass Extension, 2000