Description:

This Japan native tree is generally pyramidal to oval, although some trees might be more round or mop-like. The bark is usually quite attractive- beginning as reddish brown when young, becoming white or gray and exfoliating into long sheets, giving the tree a shaggy appearance - but apparently somewhat variable. It must be noted here that the trees often labeled B. max. by horticulturists and the nursery trade are quite different from what is now suspected to be the true/taxonomic species. The confusion is unfortunate; just tread lightly when depending on information about "Monarch" birch.

Leaves:

The leaves of young trees are pubescent with purple veins on the undersides. Mature leaves are exceptionally large, dark green, turning yellow in the fall.

Flowers:

Exceptionally large catkins.

Height:

100 feet in the wild but only around 50 under cultivation.

Site Requirements:

Prefers moist, fertile and slightly acidic soils. Can survive in drier soils but growth will be decreased. Full sun. Transplants well. Prune in late summer or fall because of excessive sap bleeding in the spring. Limited hardiness in both cold and hot extremes, probably only hardy in zones 5 and 6.

Sustainable Features:

This birch is supposedly completely resistant to bronze birch borer and partially resistant to birch leaf miner. However, recently examined specimens have appeared susceptible to borer. Although more research is essential, Monarch birch does seem more resistant to these pests than European white birch. Also, this species is atypical of the birches in its much increased tolerance of urban environments.

Landscape Use:

Works well for large area plantings like parks or estates. Good for a naturalizing effect. Good with evergreens for winter interest.

Propagation:

Seeds have a light requirement. When the seeds are not exposed to over 9 hours of light per day, a cold treatment can compensate for the light requirement. Sow seed in the fall for germination the following spring. Even so, birch seeds often have low viability rates, so don't expect over 50% germination. Cuttings are difficult with low success rate. Moisture may be a critical factor. Try collecting cuttings in the fall and allowing them to remain in the rooting flats over winter.

Sustainable plants are noninvasive and require less pesticides, water, fertilizer. and maintenance. Tbe use of sustainable plants, in conjunction with sound horticultural practices is one of the most effective long-term approaches to avoiding pesticide misuse in the landscape. The URI Sustainable Landscapes Proqram is working to increase the availabilitv and consumer demand for sustainable plants.