Practice for Bio 105 Final Exam Dec 21, 2011

1. Which of the following best describes the logic of the scientific method?
1. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it.
2. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis.
3. If my observations are accurate, they will not falsify my hypothesis.
4. If my hypothesis is correct, I can make predictions and my results will not falsify my hypothesis.

2. Which of the following questions is outside the realm of science (i.e. application of the scientific method would be impractical).
1. What percentage of music majors take bio 105?
2. What organisms play the most important role for energy input into a forest?
3. How does seaweed attach itself to the rocks in areas with heavy wave action?
4. Why does a baseball curve when it is thrown with a particular type of spin?

3. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories?
1. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved
2. Hypotheses are guesses, but theories are correct answers
3. Hypotheses are usually narrow in scope, whereas theories have been examined in multiple ways and have broad explanatory power
4. Theories cannot be falsified, but hypotheses can be

4. Your body contains the smallest amount of which element?
1. Carbon b. Phosphorous c. Nitrogen d. Oxygen

5. Most of the unique properties of water result from the fact that water molecules are:
1. Very small c. Polar and form hydrogen bonds
2. Constantly in motion d. Very good at dissolving things

6. A glucose molecule is to starch as:
1. An amino acid is to a nucleotide
2. A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid
3. A nucleic acid is to a protein
4. A protein is to an amino acid

7. Lipids differ from other biologically important macromolecules because they:
1. Contain nitrogen atoms c. Are very large
2. Lack a shape d. Are nonpolar and hydrophobic

8. One of the key ingredients in fertilizers is phosphorous. Soils with a low phosphorous content make it difficult for plants to synthesize:
1. ATP b. Sugar c. DNA d. Both a & c

9. Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell was prokaryotic?
1. The presence of a cell wall
2. The absence of ribosomes
3. The presence of DNA
4. The presence of membrane bound organelles

10. Muscle cells are among the biggest energy users of all animal cells. The organelle that you would expect to be very abundant in muscle cells is:
1. Mitochondria c. Chloroplast
2. Ribosomes d. Golgi bodies

11. Which best describes the structure of a cell membrane?
1. Proteins between two bilayers of phospholipids
2. Proteins embedded in a bilayer of phospholipids
3. A bilayer of phospholipids coating a layer of proteins
4. Phospholipids between a protein bilayer

12. An animal cell placed in a beaker of pure water will:
1. Shrink b. Remain the same size c. Swell d. Shrivel

13. The sodium concentration inside of a cell is 10 times the sodium concentration of the fluid outside of the cell. The cell would most likely move sodium _____ the cell by means of _____.
1. Into/Diffusion c. Out/Diffusion
2. Out/Osmosis d. Out/Active transport

14. Facilitated diffusion across cell membranes requires ____ and moves ions ____ their concentration gradient.
1. Transport proteins/Against c. Transport proteins/Down
2. Energy/Against d. Energy/Down

15. The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi:
1. Stores energy in a form that drive cellular work
2. Releases energy
3. Primes proteins for contraction in cell movements
4. Transfers a phosphate from DNA to RNA

16. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
1. Helps transform glucose during glycolysis
2. Provides electrons for use in the electron transport chain
3. Combines with carbons to form carbon dioxide
4. Accepts electrons from the end of the electron transport chain

17. A biochemist wanted to study cellular respiration and was able to label oxygen breathed in by an animal. The labeled oxygen would first show up in:
1. CO₂ b. Glucose c. NADH d. H₂O

18. Which is the first reaction that takes place in cellular respiration?
1. NAD+ + H NADH c. Glucose pyruvate
2. Glucose carbon dioxide d. H₂O O + H₂

19. When light strikes chlorophyll molecules they lose electrons which are ultimately replaced by:
1. Breaking down ATP c. Fixing carbon
2. Breaking down glucose d. Splitting water

20. Part of photosynthesis does not require light and in fact occurs more at night. The main events that occur during this phase of photosynthesis:
1. Synthesis of ATP c. Synthesis of sugar
2. Production of oxygen d. Conversion of light energy to ATP

21. If an intestinal cell of a grasshopper contains 24 chromosomes, a sperm of that grasshopper will contain ___ chromosomes:
1. 6 b. 12 c. 24 d. 48

22. Another biochemist figured out how to measure the amount of DNA in a cell. He would expect to see the amount of DNA double:
1. During the first phase of meiosis
2. Between the first and second cell divisions in meiosis
3. Before the final stage of mitosis when two new cells form
4. Prior to any type of cell division

23. Which of the following is NOT a function of cells produced by mitosis?
1. Repair of wounds c. Replacement of damaged cells
2. Growth d. Production of gametes

24. That same biochemist was able to photograph pairs of homologous chromosomes lined up at the equator of a cell. Such a picture could have been taken:
1. Prior to the first cell division of meiosis
2. Prior to the first cell division of mitosis
3. Prior to any type of cell division
4. At the end of the first cell division of mitosis

25. Charlie is heterozygous for some trait (Ss). The genes represented by the letters S and s are:
1. Both present in all sperm produced by Charlie
2. On the same chromosome
3. On two homologous chromosomes
4. Both on X chromosomes

26. Two fruit flies with the dominant red eye color are crossed and produce the offspring that follow: 71 red eyed males, 73 red eyed females, 13 green eyed males and 2 green eyed females. Which is true based on this information?
1. Red eyes is a sex linked trait
2. The two parents were heterozygous for eye color
3. Green eyes is actually the dominant trait
4. Cannot determine any of these with the information provided

27. That same old biochemist found that a particular mutation had no affect on the protein coded for by the gene associated with the mutation. This mutation probably involved:
1. Deletion of part of a chromosome
2. Addition of an entire chromosome
3. Insertion of a gene on a single chromosome
4. A single base sequence change within the gene

28. Which of the following correctly ranks the structures from smallest to largest?
1. Nucleotide-gene-chromosome
2. Gene-chromosome-nucleotide
3. Chromosome-gene-nucleotide
4. Gene-nucleotide-chromosome

29. Control of gene expression in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes. Although we did not study this specific topic, this makes sense to you because:
1. Eukaryotic cells are much smaller
2. Eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms
3. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
4. Prokaryotes have many more chromosomes

30. Double-stranded DNA looks a little like a ladder that has been twisted into a helix, or spiral. The side supports of the ladder are:

1. Sugars and phosphates
2. Bases
3. Alternating bases and phosphates
4. Alternating sugars, bases and phosphates

31. DNA is found in all living things and has the same structure in all living things and yet there is a great amount of variation among living things. The key to variation and to encoding information in DNA lies in:

1. The variety of sugars and phosphate groups found in DNA
2. The different types of proteins that make up DNA
3. The sequence of nitrogenous bases found within a strand of DNA
4. The codons and anticodons that form during translation

32. Uncontrolled cell division is:
1. Cancer b. Alleliety c. Meiosis d. Gametogenesis

33. That biochemist this time isolated a gene from a human, inserted it into the DNA of a bacteria and harvested the genes after the bacteria had synthesized more copies of that gene. This is an example of:
1. Reproductive cloning c. DNA or molecular cloning
2. Stem cell research d. Transcription

34. Cancer most commonly affects _____ .
1. Cells that divide often
2. Epithelial cells
3. Cells that line tracts (respiratory, digestive, excretory etc.) in the body
4. All of these

35. Which did NOT influence Darwin as he synthesized his theory of evolution?
1. Examples of artificial selection such as humans ability to breed different types of sheep, dogs and pigeons
2. Observations of unique species such as finches in the Galapagos Islands
3. Comparison of fossil animals with present day animals
4. His knowledge of genetics and inheritance

36. Natural selection is sometimes referred to as “survival of the fittest”. In evolutionary terms “fitness refers to:
1. How many offspring an individual produces
2. How strong an individual is when facing others of its species
3. How well an individual can withstand environmental extremes
4. How attractive an individual is to members of its own species

37. Although mutations sometimes lead to evolution within a population, they are not usually responsible for the evolution of populations because:
1. They occur so frequently
2. They affect females more than males
3. They are often harmful and do not get passed on
4. They affect more than one individual at once

38. Biologists have discovered more than 500 species of fruit flies within the Hawaiian Islands, all thought to have descended from a single ancestral species. This is an example of:
1. Natural selection c. Coevolution
2. Convergent evolution d. Adaptive radiation

39. Bats, birds, bees and reptiles have all evolved the ability to fly. This is an example of:
1. Natural selection c. Coevolution
2. Convergent evolution d. Adaptive radiation

40. The building blocks of proteins are:
1. Simple sugars b. Fatty acids c. Amino acids d. Nucleic acids

41. The element that forms the basis for the majority of biologically important “organic” molecules is:
1. Water b. Hydrogen c. Nitrogen d. Carbon

42. The smallest unit within which all processes of life occur and are often studied:
1. Nucleus b. Cell c. Organism d. Population

43. The passive movement of water across a membrane is called:
1. Active transport c. Osmosis
2. Facilitated diffusion d. Phagocytosis

44. Metabolism in living things is an efficient and a highly ordered process due to the role of ________ in energy transformations.
1. ATP b. Enzymes c. Phospholipids d. DNA

45. Photosynthesis is dependent upon pigmented structures that are capable of capturing light energy in the form of electrons that are boosted to a higher energy state. An example of such a structure found in green plants is:
1. Ribosomes b. Chlorophyll c. Mitochondria d. ATP

46. The information for synthesizing a particular protein is contained within a single:
1. Gene b. Chromosome c. tRNA d. Protein

47. When cells divide through mitosis or meiosis, the genetic information within an organism is divided into two new daughter cells at the level of the:
1. Gene b. Chromosome c. Nucleus d. Cell

48. Which is true of the structure of DNA?
1. Forms a double helix
2. Contains the 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar
3. Contains pairs of complimentary bases such as adenine and thymine
4. All of these

49. Different versions of a gene are referred to as:
1. Homologous chromosomes c. Sister chromatids
2. Alleles d. Chromatin

50. An example of the controversy surrounding advancements in cloning technology:
1. Loss of biodiversity
2. Changes in health insurance coverage policies
3. Dominance of the technology by a few companies or countries
4. All of these

51. Organisms that reproduce sexually produce haploid cells that fuse to give rise to a new individual. Sperm and eggs are examples of these cells, which are called:
1. Alleles b. Gametes c. Pollen d. Embryos

52. Cells of organisms that reproduce sexually contain chromosomes from each parent. These pairs of chromosomes are similar in size and shape and are referred to as ______ chromosomes.
1. Homologous b. Sex c. Allele d. Homozygous

53. A change in the DNA of an organism that occasionally occurs during DNA replication and results in a new version of a gene is referred to as:
1. A tumor b. A mutation c. A sex-linked trait d. Cancer

54. The outward appearance of an organism or a trait that is present in an organism is referred to as the:
1. Phenotype b. Genotype c. Chromosome d. Allele

55. When Darwin and Gregor Mendel were formulating their theories on inheritance and evolution they presumed that there was a mechanism for traits to be passed on from parents to offspring. We now refer to these units of inheritance as:
1. DNA b. RNA c. Chromosomes d. Genes

56. The role of RNA in cell functioning is:
1. Protein synthesis c. Gamete formation
2. DNA replication d. All of these

57. Cells that have the ability to give rise to virtually any type of cell are referred to as:
1. Carcinogens b. Stem cells c. Zygotes d. Epithelial cells

58. Which of these was among Darwin’s major observations and played a central role in the formulation of his theory of natural selection?
1. If there are no limits on population growth, populations will still grow slowly
2. The size of most natural populations undergo extreme fluctuations and are rarely constant
3. Natural resources are usually unlimited
4. There is variation within a population and this variation may be inherited

59. Based on his observations Darwin concluded that:
1. Most of the offspring produced in a population survive
2. Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those that lack such traits
3. Variation in populations is limited and most individuals have identical traits
4. All of these

60. The evolution of a new species of organism from a pre-existing one is a type of evolution referred to as macro-evolution or:
1. Natural selection c. Speciation
2. Extirpation d. Variation

61. Natural selection is a fundamental component of Darwin’s theory of evolution and was the mechanism that he provided to explain change in a species over time and the rise of completely new species. Natural selection could best be described as:
1. Species gradually change over time in response to changes in the environment
2. The strongest individuals survive better than the weaker ones
3. Some individuals in a population possess traits that enable them to survive better and produce more offspring and individuals with these traits become more and more common among the population over time
4. Animals can be selectively bred to convey desirable traits

62. The theory of evolution in its current form explains:
1. Why there is such a diversity of living things
2. Why many organisms resemble each other
3. The fossil record and extinctions
4. All of these

63. Two important components thought to have occurred in the primordial atmosphere and oceans of the earth billions of years ago are ______, which is important for formation of carbon containing biologically important macromolecules such as sugars, and ______, which is important for formation of nitrogen containing biologically important macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
1. Water/hydrogen ` c. Methane/ammonia
2. Hydrogen/water d. Water/methane

64. In controlled laboratory experiments where the early conditions on earth were simulated, researchers have been able to synthesize:
1. Amino acids c. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids d. All of these

65. An important requirement for progression of macromolecules to stable forms of such substances as proteins and DNA was containment of these substances in a stable environment inside a cell membrane-like structure consisting of several layers of:
1. Phospholipids b. Proteins c. Glucose d. DNA

66. To be able to reproduce and control production of proteins it was important for cell-like organisms to eventually develop a means of storing information in the form of:
1. Phospholipids b. DNA c. Proteins d. Glucose

67. Classification of living things based partly on their evolutionary history and evolutionary relationships with other organisms is referred to as:
1. Taxonomy c. Binomial nomenclature
2. Phylogenetics d. Bioinformatics

68. The kingdom contains the most diverse group of living things and may eventually be divided into as many as 5 additional kingdoms includes mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms and is called the kingdom:
1. Bacteria
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae

69. A kingdom that includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that digest food outside of their cells and reproduce with fruiting bodies and spores is the:
1. Bacteria
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae

70. The kingdom of living things that includes prokaryotic organisms is the:
1. Bacteria
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae

71. The kingdom of living things that is characterized by lack of a cell wall, embryonic stages and dependence on other organisms as a source of energy is:
1. Bacteria
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Animals

72. The first living organisms to exist on earth are thought to have been:
1. Photosynthetic plants
2. Heterotrophic bacteria
3. Chemoautotrophs
4. Autotrophic eukaryotes

73. Extinction of the dodo bird was probably the first extinction recorded in the western world. Dodos were driven to extinction in approximately ___ years following the arrival of Europeans to Maritius in 1598.
1. 8
2. 18
3. 80
4. 800

74. Although the rate of extinction over the past several hundred million years in on the scale of one species per year, the current rate of extinction is more along the lines of one species going extinct every:
1. Hour
2. Day
3. Year
4. Century

75. Preserving biodiversity is important from the standpoint of:
1. Direct benefits of biodiversity for providing resources for humanity
2. Maintaining essential services such the composition of soils
3. Maintaining optimal community functions
4. All of these

76. Most organisms go extinct ultimately because:
1. They are all killed by predators
2. They evolve (adapt) more slowly than the environment changes
3. Their populations are too large
4. There is too much variation of genetic traits within the population

77. The largest threat for reduction of biodiversity and extinction of organisms presently is:
1. Destruction of habitat
2. Overexploitation
3. Death at the hands of predators
4. Disease

78. Evidence that supports the major tenets of the theory of evolution is found in:
1. The fossil record
2. Improved understanding of molecular basis of genes and DNA
3. Direct observation of inheritance of traits that offer a selective advantage
4. All of these